How to avoid traps in plastic electronics

ScienceDaily (July 30, 2012) ? Plastic electronics hold the promise of cheap, mass-produced devices. But plastic semiconductors have an important flaw: the electronic current is influenced by "charge traps" in the material. These traps, which have a negative impact on plastic light-emitting diodes and solar cells, are poorly understood.

However, a new study by a team of researchers from the University of Groningen and the Georgia Institute of Technology reveals a common mechanism underlying these traps and provides a theoretical framework to design trap-free plastic electronics. The results are presented in an advance online publication of the journal Nature Materials.

Plastic semiconductors are made from organic, carbon-based polymers, comprising a tunable forbidden energy gap. In a plastic light-emitting diode (LED), an electron current is injected into a higher molecular orbital, situated just above the energy gap. After injection, the electrons move toward the middle of the LED and fall down in energy across the forbidden energy gap, converting the energy loss into photons. As a result, an electrical current is converted into visible light.

However, during their passage through the semiconductor, a lot of electrons get stuck in traps in the material and can no longer be converted into light. In addition, this trapping process greatly reduces the electron current and moves the location where electrons are converted into photons away from the center of the device.

"This reduces the amount of light the diode can produce," explained Herman Nicolai, first author of the Nature Materials paper.

The traps are poorly understood, and it has been suggested that they are caused by kinks in the polymer chains or impurities in the material.

"We've set out to solve this puzzle by comparing the properties of these traps in nine different polymers," Nicolai explained. "The comparison revealed that the traps in all materials had a very similar energy level."

The Georgia Tech group, led by Jean-Luc Bredas, investigated computationally the electronic structure of a wide range of possible traps. "What we found out from the calculations is that the energy level of the traps measured experimentally matches that produced by a water-oxygen complex," said Bredas.

Nicolai explains that "such a complex could easily be introduced during the manufacturing of the semiconductor material, even if this is done under controlled conditions." The devices Nicolai studied were fabricated in a nitrogen atmosphere, "but this cannot prevent contamination with minute quantities of oxygen and water," he noted.

The fact that the traps have a similar energy level means that it is now possible to estimate the expected electron current in different plastic materials. And it also points the way to trap-free materials. "The trap energy lies in the forbidden energy gap," Nicolai explained.

This energy gap represents the difference in energy of the outer shell in which the electrons circle in their ground state and the higher orbital to which they can be moved to become mobile charge carriers. When such a mobile electron runs into a trap that is within the energy gap it will fall in, because the trap has a lower energy level.

"But if chemists could design semiconducting polymers in which the trap energy is above that of the higher orbital in which the electrons move through the material, they couldn't fall in," he suggested. "In this case, the energy level of the trap would be higher than that of the electron."

The results of this study are therefore important for both plastic LEDs and plastic solar cells. "In both cases, the electron current should not be hindered by charge trapping. With our results, more efficient designs can be made," Nicolai concluded.

The experimental work for this study was done in the Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials (ZIAM) at the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The theoretical work to identify the nature of the trap was carried out at the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA .

The work at the University of Groningen was supported by the European Commission under contract FP7-13708 (AEVIOM). The work at Georgia Tech was supported by the MRSEC program of the National Science Foundation under award number DMR-0819885.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Georgia Institute of Technology, Research Communications.

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Journal Reference:

  1. H. T. Nicolai, M. Kuik, G. A. H. Wetzelaer, B. de Boer, C. Campbell, C. Risko, J. L. Br?das, P. W. M. Blom. Unification of trap-limited electron transport in semiconducting polymers. Nature Materials, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3384

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/07/120730094132.htm

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GA to get federal grant to help veterans find jobs

ATLANTA (AP) - Georgia is set to receive a $750,000 federal grant to help returning Army veterans find jobs.

The funding was announced Tuesday by Labor Secretary Hilda Solis. The grants are set to be implemented over the next two years.

Agency officials say the money will help pay for job training and placement services. Job-related outreach activities will also be expanded.

Similar federal grants will go to Texas, Illinois and North Carolina. The four states have large populations of Army veterans who claim unemployment and have been actively working with both the Labor Department and the Army to improve veterans' access to the public workforce system

Online:?http://www.dol.gov/

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Source: http://fortbenning.wtvm.com/news/news/56512-ga-get-federal-grant-help-veterans-find-jobs

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In Israel, Romney declares Jerusalem to be capital

JERUSALEM (AP) ? Standing on Israeli soil, U.S. presidential candidate Mitt Romney on Sunday declared Jerusalem to be the capital of the Jewish state and said the United States has "a solemn duty and a moral imperative" to block Iran from achieving nuclear weapons capability.

"Make no mistake, the ayatollahs in Iran are testing our moral defenses. They want to know who will object and who will look the other way," he said. "We will not look away nor will our country ever look away from our passion and commitment to Israel."

The presidential election hovered over the speech. The Old City formed a made-for-television backdrop behind Romney, while some of his campaign donors listened in the audience.

Romney's declaration that Jerusalem is Israel's capital was matter-of-fact and in keeping with claims made by Israeli governments for decades, even though the United States, like other nations, maintains its embassy in Tel Aviv.

He did not say if he would order the embassy moved if he wins the White House, but strongly suggested so in a CNN interview.

"My understanding is the policy of our nation has been a desire to move our embassy ultimately to the capital (Jerusalem)," he said, adding, "I would only want to do so and to select the timing in accordance with the government of Israel."

His remarks on the subject during his speech drew a standing ovation from his audience, which included Sheldon Adelson, the American businessman who has said he will donate millions to help elect Romney to the White House.

Romney's embrace of Israel was on display earlier in the day when he met with Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu and other leaders. He also visited the Western Wall, Judaism's holiest site, where he was mobbed by worshippers. In addition, Romney met with Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad.

In his remarks, Romney steered clear of overt criticism of President Barack Obama, even though he said the threat of a nuclear-armed Iran "has only become worse" in the past five years.

In an unspoken rebuttal to Obama and other critics, Romney said, "It is sometimes said that those who are the most committed to stopping the Iranian regime from security nuclear weapons are reckless and provocative and inviting war.

"The opposite is true. We are the true peacemakers," he said.

The former Massachusetts governor also stepped back from a comment a senior aide made a short while before the speech.

"We recognize Israel's right to defend itself," he told the audience. Earlier, the aide, Dan Senor, previewed the speech for reporters, saying that "if Israel has to take action on its own, in order to stop Iran from developing the capability, the governor would respect that decision."

Israel is the second of three stops on an international trip for Romney in the weeks before he claims the Republican nomination at his party's national convention in Tampa, Fla.

He flew to the Middle East from Britain, where he caused a stir by questioning whether officials there were fully prepared for the Olympic Games. A stop in Poland will complete his trip.

Four years ago, then-U.S. Sen. Barack Obama also visited Israel as a candidate, part of a five-nation trip meant to establish his own foreign policy credentials.

In his speech, Romney said Syrian President Bashar Assad "desperately clings to power" in Damascus in the face of an attempted overthrow, but he did not call for his removal.

He noted that Egypt is now headed by an "Islamist president, chosen in a Democratic election. ... The international community must use its considerable influence to insure that the new government honors the peace agreement with Israel that was signed by the government of Anwar Sadat" more than three decades ago, he said.

A goal of Romney's overseas trip is to demonstrate his confidence on the world stage, but his stop in Israel also was designed to appeal to evangelical voters at home and to cut into Obama's support among Jewish voters and donors. A Gallup survey of Jewish voters released Friday showed Obama with a 68-25 edge over Romney.

Romney and other Republicans have said Obama is insufficiently supportive of Israel, noting statements the president has made about settlements and his handling of evident Iranian attempt to develop nuclear weapons.

Tehran is closer to developing nuclear weapons capability than before, Romney said. "Preventing that outcome must be our highest national security priority."

In a March speech before a pro-Israel lobby in Washington, Obama warned of "loose talk of war" that serves only to drive up oil prices. "Now is not the time to bluster," he said then. "Now is the time to let our increased pressure sink in and sustain the broad international coalition we have built."

It was unlikely that the day's events would settle the issue.

Obama's former press secretary, Robert Gibbs, told ABC's "This Week" that the administration has delayed Iran's nuclear program. The president has imposed U.S. penalties against Iran and worked to tougher strictures applied by other nations. There have been numerous published reports of a coordinated U.S.-Israeli cyberattack that caused damage to Iranian equipment vital to creating weapons-grade nuclear material.

Even so, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said before the speech that "all the sanctions and diplomacy so far have not set back the Iranian program by one iota."

Whatever the reality, the administration has taken steps in recent days to reassure Israel of its support.

Most notably, Obama approved an increase in assistance to strengthen a missile defense system that is designed to protect Israel from rocket attacks launched from the Gaza.

Senor's comments caused a stir in the hours leading to Romney's speech, a reminder of the controversy that Romney had created a few days earlier in London.

He later clarified his comments in a written statement, saying that the candidate "believes we should employ any and all measures to dissuade the Iranian regime from its nuclear course and it is his fervent hope that diplomatic and economic measures will do so. In the final analysis, of course, no option should be excluded."

Pentagon officials have spoken publicly about the difficulty of such a strike and American officials have expressed concern about the destabilizing effect such military action could have in the region, even if carried out successfully.

I

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/israel-romney-declares-jerusalem-capital-162843104.html

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The Vampire King comes to town.

The Vampire King comes to town.

The First Vampire sets his cold gaze on a small town that already has many supernatural species living there, but the No-Life-King does not plan to simply live in hiding.

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--> Forum for completely Out of Character (OOC) discussion, based around whatever is happening In Character (IC). Discuss plans, storylines, and events; Recruit for your roleplaying game, or find a GM for your playergroup.
This is the auto-generated OOC topic for the roleplay "The Vampire King comes to town."

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Asper knocked,
at the castle keep;
but the gates were barred!
The Gods asleep!

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Asper
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This seems interesting :) but I'm just wondering during which time this is? Like which year.

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Xiiver
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It takes place in modern times, the town's inhabitants act a bit more old world though. They're crazy about legends and folk lore and few ever go to places like the forest.

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Asper
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Hey,can I reserve a character? Or maybe 2? I plan on making sisters,but I can squeeze them into just one character. But if it's a problem, I'm okay with just one character, should be ready later today...I hope.

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How To Make Big Changes With Home Improvement | Luxury Home ...

A belief system called Feng Shui suggests that if you rearrange your furniture, the alignment of the room?s spiritual forces will change. A lot of people think that if you clear the doorway you will gain money. Read on to learn more about improving your home using the ancient Chinese art of feng shui.

It is important to thoroughly dust your home weekly. Lots of dust can gather in a small period of time, causing allergens to accumulate. By dusting you will remove those allergens as well those pests such as spiders or ants.

Small rooms are often gloomy, but you can change that! Give the room a little light. Shine your windows and raise the blinds. Once you let the light shine through, you will be shocked at just how large a little room can appear. Avoid clutter, and use muted colors on the walls. Suddenly, your small room will seem to expand.

When undertaking a substantial home improvement project, a contractor should know what your budget will allow. If your contractor knows how much money is available, he will be able to plan materials purchases better. Your contractor will also benefit, because they can leave themselves room for profit. This allows you to get the most bang for your buck through your purchase.

Investing in proper insulation will pay off very well over time. Homes tend to be under insulated, especially old ones. Extra insulation in your crawl space or attic can reduce the amount you spend on heating and cooling bills for many years to come.

Consider a heavy-duty fence if you live near a wooded area. Doing this will keep wild animals, including coyotes, rabbits and skunks, from entering the yard. This is especially important if you intend to have a garden in your yard.

In home improvement projects, you need to dedicate a certain space in your yard for the debris that results from the project. Planning in advance what you are going to do with rubbish can save you time and money during the construction.

It is better to think of home improvement as a wise investment rather than an expense. With new appliances, you will save on electricity. Reduce your home?s energy consumption by making any necessary home repairs and upgrading the insulation. Careful planning can help in the long run.

When thinking about the colors in a room, obey the 60/30/10 rule. Simply put, 60% of the color used should dominant, 30% secondary, and 10% accent. Now you?re left with many different options to explore, like how colors contrast, and whether you want a dark or light as your dominant color, etc. Your options are limitless.

It is possible to update the appearance of your refrigerator and other appliances without spending a bundle. Is the style of your otherwise amazing refrigerator annoying you because stainless steel is where it is at? The paint is relatively affordable and easy to use. You can change the entire feel of the kitchen in the span of a day.

Do you want to add some sophistication to your home but are low on funds? A really good way to improve the look of your home is replacing your old door bell with an elegant one. Anyone ringing the bell at your house will get an instant sense of who lives there.

As mentioned, feng shui is thought by many to be a powerful way to organize your furniture to increase your home?s good fortune. Apply what you?ve just learned, and get started on your next project today.

luxun123.com

Source: http://www.luxun123.com/how-to-make-big-changes-with-home-improvement.html

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San Antonio 911 Green Lights Real Estate Search, Delay PE Hunt ...

After realizing a shift in its real estate allocation, trustees at the San Antonio Fire and Police Pension Fund (SAFP) approved a search in the asset class at a June meeting.

The full article is available to Investment subscribers only

Already a print subscriber? As a print subscriber, you are entitled to online access. Please click here to activate your account.

Source: http://www.mandatepipeline.com/news/san-antonio-fire-retirement-real-estate-investment-search-232249-1.html

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Trial ordered for Cyprus terror suspect

NICOSIA, Cyprus (AP) ? A Cyprus police spokesman says a man suspected of helping to plan attacks against Israeli tourists on the east Mediterranean island has been ordered to stand trial.

Andreas Angelides told the AP on Friday that the 24-year-old man faces a total nine "terrorism and terrorism-related charges," the most serious of which carries a sentence of life in prison. The trial has been scheduled for September.

Cyprus Justice Minister Loucas Louca has said that the Cyprus suspect displayed similar behavioral patterns to a suicide bomber who killed five Israeli tourists and a bus driver in Bulgarian seaside resort earlier this month.

Cyprus authorities have remained tight-lipped about the man's identity or his intended target, but have said they believe he was acting alone.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/trial-ordered-cyprus-terror-suspect-120757278.html

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LIGHT SWITCH Newest Spy Surveillance Security Office Business ...

You are here: Home / Wireless / Store / LIGHT SWITCH Newest Spy Surveillance Security Office Business Home House Gadget 129.45

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Security Tools / Surveillance
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5 available The Best Light Switch Home Secuirty surveillance HD Video CameraHD Spy Camera Light Switch with GSM Remote Control w/ Motion Detection and MMS AlertsFree Shipping! Description:Use this wall mountable light switch to record secretly record people and get alerted in real-time on your phone! To the unknowing person, this looks and works just like an ordinary light switch. What they don?t know is that there is a high resolution spy camera with a pinhole lens hidden inside. It is one of the most effective spy products available. This superior spy camera is totally undetectable to outsiders, but it still records detailed videos and photos. It captures fine details such as skin tone, eye color, and facial features with clarity comparable to that of full-size surveillance cameras. In addition, this spy camera also comes with motion-detection activated recording. Video is only recorded when movement is detected. This is ideal technology for catching people snooping around your office, your personal maid stealing your jewelry, or maybe (but hopefully not) your cheating partner in the act. All the video and audio is stored to a removable Micro SD Card (a 2GB card is included for free), allowing you to transfer the data to your laptop via the provided USB cable. But we have made our original spy camera even better? The most outstanding feature of our spy camera is that you can control it from your mobile phone. You can receive MMS alerts on your mobile phone as soon as intruders are detected. In addition, you can choose whether the camera is in video or photo mode by SMS. But you may be asking how is this actually possible. We have made it easy for you. All you need to do is simply insert a SIM card inside the light switch spy camera and set it to transfer the data directly to your phone once there is any movement. Then, you will receive a MMS when there is actual movement. If you are being robbed, the real-time MMS alerts will allow you to react quickly and call the police in time to catch the robbers red-handed. Even if you?re vacationing on the other side of the planet and enjoying yourself on a white sand beach drinking coconut juice, you can rest assured that your home or office is safe because you are still secretly monitoring your property. Highlights:1. Motion detection 2. Records video, audio, and photo 3. Very discreet HD spy camera 4. Receive MMS on your phone when detection occurs 5. Works as a fully functioning light switch Specifications:Working frequency range: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM850, PCS1900 Working protocols: GSM phase 2/2+ (including GPRS) Max micro SD card supported: 8GB (2GB TF card included) Main function: Spy camera light switch with GSM remote control Remote arming: Yes Remote review: Yes Video format: 3GP (320?240, 30fps) Picture format: JPEG (1280?960) Battery: 1200mAh PIR alert: JPEG picture sent to mobile phone via MMS Ports : ? SIM card slot ? Mini USB ? Micro SD slot Color: White Switch dimensions: 84mm x 84mm x 19mmPackage List: 1 X Light switch 1 X 2GB TF card 1 X Stickers 1 X Connector 2 X Screws 1 X USB cable 1 X EU power adapter 1 X English Manual TERMS AND CONDITIONS: PAYMENTWe accept PayPal only.All payment must be received within 2 days of the auction ends / purchasing day.SHIPPINGShipping costs do not include duty taxes. You might be charged an additional duty charge upon receipt of your package based on your country?s rates. We urge our customers to check these costs before purchasing the item.Item will be shipped to your PayPal registered address.For other shipping address, Please make an annotation or leave us a message when you pay through PayPal.We usually ship the order within 1 business days. ESTIMATED SHIPPING TIME:7 ? 15 working days For an Economic Shipping to USA EUROPE11 ? 21 working days For an Economic Shipping to out of USA EUROPE3 ? 7 working days For An Expedited Shipping to USA EUROPE WORLDWIDEAll Free Shipping are Economic.RETURN POLICY:14 Days Return PolicyCustomer is responsible for shipping charges on any returned itemsItem must be returned in its original packaging and condition for a full refundCUSTOMER SERVICE:If you have any question. Please Contact. We will get back to you within Few Hours.:YOUR SATISFACTION IS OUR TOP PRIORITY!We Would highly Appreciate your Positive .If there?s any problem, Please contact before leaving any .THANK YOU!

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Liberia Airport Costa Rica One of the New Coolest Airport Terminals ...

Liberia Airport Costa Rica

Daniel Oduber International Airport in Liberia Costa Rica

Flying into Guanacaste Costa Rica has become a more enjoyable experience for visitors since the new terminal at the Daniel Oduber International Airport in Liberia began operating in January. The $68 million expansion of the Liberia airport became necessary due to the constant growth of tourism to the northwest province of Guanacaste.

The new terminal, which can accommodate about 1500 passengers during peak hours, is considered the best secondary facility in all Central America and the second major airport in Costa Rica.

In addition, Daniel Oduber International Airport has been recently called one of the newest coolest airport terminals in the world by Travel and Leisure Magazine.
The magazine lists the new and improved airport terminals around the world that upgrade travelers? airport experience for the 21st century.

The article discusses terminal elements such as the use of new technologies as well as the incorporation of local design elements and vendors that contribute to making travelers? experience at airports better.

According to Travel and Leisure Magazine, one of the convenient aspects of Liberia?s new terminal is that it provides easy access to Tamarindo Beach, the Nicoya Peninsula, and nearby national parks.

Since the opening of the terminal, several airlines have expended and included direct flights into Liberia, which allows visitors to book a flight on a major airline and explore the ecological charms of the northwest region of Costa Rica.

Liberia Airport Costa Rica

Liberia Airport Costa Rica

The article also mentions Daniel Oduber International Airport?s commitment to sustainability, as planners have installed several energy-saving features. For example, ?at check-in, passengers are cooled by Big Ass Fans (the proper name, believe it or not) rather than air conditioners.?

Travel and Leisure magazine also praised the

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Source: http://theliberiantimes.com/?p=10781

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